Hi Christopher,
I usually see this message if something's been moved out of the main X-Plane folder. If you had the installer open and moved the folder or changed the name of anything, it could have messed up the file paths when it tried to launch. Make sure the X-Plane program is in the X-Plane 10 folder and try running it from there. I hope you installed X-Plane to the desktop as well, because sometimes permissions can interfere on Windows installs in other locations.